فصلنامه گیاه و زیست فناوری ایران
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

Food security is one of the most important issues in human societies. Modern agricultural biotechnology methods including genetic modification are a solution that is being considered through the possibility of increasing production, however new types of transgenic crops that have been modified by genetic engineering methods need to be subjected to safety assessments to meet pre-marketing requirements. The purpose of the evaluation is to investigate the impact of transgenic crops on human, animal and environmental health. Although many studies have been published on GM food risk assessment GM feed has not received much attention, although between 70 and 90 percent of all GM products and their biomass are used as animal feed. In this paper the monitoring framework of GM products for animal feed is considered and the available information on GM food evaluation is considered as a basis. However most of the techniques used to assess the safety of GM foods can be used in GM livestock feed, however many of the plant parts used to feed livestock are unusable to humans. Therefore, the concentration of newly expressed proteins in different plant tissues and compounds that are naturally present in the plant but their amount in the transgenic plant and the resulting feed feed has been considered as an indicator. Further development of specific methods for evaluating GM products for animal consumption is necessary to provide a more accurate assessment of GM feed safety

This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical response of Datura stramonium to long-term exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (0, 100, and 500 mgl-1) and salinity (0 and 300 mM). Salinity treatment reduced leaf length and width compared to the control, while treatment of 100 mgl-1 nano-zinc oxide increased the leaf length and width relative to the control. Furthermore, 100 mgl-1 nano-zinc oxide treatment alleviated adverse effects of salinity. However, the treatment of 500 mgl-1 nano zinc oxide had a negative effect on those characteristics. Salinity decreased leaf thickness and vascular development, whereas 100 mgl-1 treatment increased leaf thickness and vascular system development compared to the control. 100 mgl-1 Zinc nano oxide treatment also reduced the signs of salinity stress in the plant. In the cross-section of the stem, salinity treatment reduced vascular differentiation, while 100 mgl-1 zinc nanoparticle treatment reinforced development of conducting tissues and the development of collenchyma. In the simultaneous treatment of salinity and 100 mgl-1 nanozinc oxide, the development of the vascular system was higher than the salinity control, thereby reducing the symptoms of salinity toxicity in the plant. The results showed that the treatment of 500 mgl-1 limited the differentiation of xylem tissue. Therefore, it seems that nano-zinc at low dose can mitigate the risk of salinity through the modification in differentiation of xylem tissue and collenchyma.

Aloe is a medicinal plant with very high economic value. With the aim of providing suitable nutritional conditions to achieve higher yield and produce large number of highquality cuttings, an experiment was performed in Mahvalat city (Khorasan Razavi province) during 2016 growing season, a factorial design in the form of randomized complete blocks with 27 treatments and 3 replications. Experimental treatments were three fertilizers of urea, calcium phosphate and potassium sulfate, each with three levels of zero, 100 and 200 kg. The results showed the increasing effect of simultaneous consumption of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as nitrogen and potassium mainly on plant reproductive traits such as cuttings weight, number of cuttings and number of leaves per cuttings and cutting height, however, increasing effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on leaf length and number of leaves was also observed. Related to the yield of the mother plant was also seen. 70-80% of the maximum weight of cuttings, number of cuttings and number of leaves per cuttings and height of cuttings as well as maximum leaf length and number of leaves were obtained by consuming 100 kg of nitrogen, with 100 kg of phosphorus or with 100 kg of potassium. Further increase of phosphorus and potassium at the level of 100 kg of nitrogen led to the achievement of maximum traits related to cuttings and had little effect on traits related to the yield of the mother plant. The results of this study suggest that achieving a large number of quality cuttings in comparison with achieving the highest yield of the mother plant requires the same amount of nitrogen and double amounts of phosphorus and potassium.

The present study was conducted to investigate the phytochemicals and yield of essential oil of Calendula officinalis L. under Nacl-induced salinity stress using acetic acid and selenium as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two factors Nacl-induced salinity stress (Two levels of 50 and 100 mg/L) as the main factor and foliar application of selenium (with two levels of 5 and 10 mg/L) and soil application of Humic acid (with two levels of 50 and 100 mg /L) as side factor and interactions of them. The experiment consisted of 19 treatments each with 3 replicates, each replicate containing 3 plants and a total of 171 pots. Sampling and evaluation of traits were done about 20 days after treatment (flowering stage). The experiment was repeated for two consecutive years for greater confidence and better results. The results showed that in both years control treatment had the highest amunt on traits such as fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, plant height and flower number, petal carotenoid content and total leaf chlorophyll content, protein content, phenol and flavonoid content, and It had a shelf life on the plant. Highest proline content were observed in 100 mg / l NaCl and highest activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes and highest percentage of essential oil were obtained in 50 mg/L sodium chloride + 200 mg/L Humic acid + 50 mg/L selenium. Also in the first and second year, control treatment (10.9 and 11.2 days, respectively) had the highest and treatment with 100 mg/L NaCl with 5.4 and 6.1 days, had the lowest longevity of Marigold flowers on plants.

Today, due to the reduction of groundwater aquifers and the problem of water shortage, one of the most important measures in agriculture is the production of droughtresistant ornamental plants and the identification of the most important composition of planting media to increase drought resistance in different plants. This study was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with 14 treatments to evaluate the effect of drought stress in the presence of organic substrates in geranium planting under controlled conditions in the greenhouse. The treatments used included 100% sandy loam soil as a control, 3 levels (25, 50, 75%) of vermicompost and 3 levels (25, 50, 75%) of leaf soil with loam soil without stress and drought stress. Drought stress was applied in half of the pots once every 10 days. Finally, in order to investigate the effect of drought stress in the presence of organic culture medium on geranium, traits such as petal anthocyanin, catalase, leaf number, shoot length, flower diameter and flower longevity were evaluated. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced all traits except catalase. On the other hand, 50% vermicompost + 50% loam soil moderates the effect of drought on the growth of geranium to a large extent and it can be introduced as a suitable culture medium in dehydrated conditions.

Iron is an essential element in many physiological processes of the plant, but in high concentrations, it contaminates water and soil, which can be cleaned by using appropriate ornamental plants. In order to investigate the effect of iron heavy metal on growth indices and phytoremediation ability of Althaea rosea in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouses located in Golgohar iron ore mine in Kerman. The different levels of iron chelate used in this experiment were zero, 15, 30 and 90 mg/kg soil. Soil concentrations of iron chelate were initially mixed with potting soil. The results of this study showed that with increasing different levels of iron, growth indices and plant chlorophyll content showed a significant decrease, so that the highest fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, plant height, root length, chlorophyll a, b and total was observed in the control treatment, also the highest iron uptake in shoots (1.84 ppm) and roots (1.56 ppm) was observed in the treatment of 90 mg/kg soil. In general, the results of this study showed that due to the ability to absorb iron in the tissues of this plant, ornamental Althaea rosea can be used for phytoremediation of heavy metal iron.